Evolution and application of metallographic microscope As early as the first century BC, people have discovered that when they observe small objects through spherical transparent objects, they can be enlarged and imaged. This is the most original magnifying glass. Later, people gradually realized the law of spherical glass surface that can magnify and image objects. Through a series of experiments and proofreading, the original model of metallurgical microscope was derived. The imaging principle of the telescope has some similarities with the microscope. While Galileo in Italy and Kepler in Germany studied the telescope, they changed the distance between the objective lens and the eyepiece to obtain a reasonable structure of the optical path of the microscope. They are engaged in the manufacture, promotion and improvement of microscopes. Due to the rapid development of the mining industry, a microscopic observation of the internal structure of the metal is required, and the metallurgical microscope is officially launched, which has initially established the basic structural framework of the metallurgical microscope. Around 1665, Hook added coarse and fine focus adjustment mechanisms, lighting systems, and worktables for specimens to the microscope. These components have been continuously improved, which not only makes the metallurgical microscope image clearer, faster and easier to carry, but also becomes a basic part of modern metallurgical microscope. The emergence of high-quality achromatic immersion objectives in the 19th century greatly improved the ability of metallographic microscopes to observe fine structures. It also prompted the metallographic microscope to advance toward medical biology research. In 1827, Amici first adopted the immersion objective lens, which extended the service life of the objective lens and ensured the imaging quality. In the 1870s, the German Abbe (founder of Zeiss) laid the classical theoretical foundation for microscope imaging and particle microscopy. All these have promoted the rapid development of metallurgical microscope manufacturing and microscopic observation technology. At the same time as the structure of the microscope itself, the microscopic observation technology is also constantly innovating: polarized microscopy appeared in 1850; an interference microscope appeared in 1893, which is now a micromolecular interference microscope; in 1935, a famous engineer and physics of Zeiss Company Zelnick created phase contrast microscopy, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953. The classical optical microscope is just a combination of optical components and precision mechanical components. It uses the human eye as a receiver to observe the magnified image. Later, a photographic device was added to the microscope, using a photosensitive film as a receiver that can be recorded and stored, and a video microscope was born. Modern and widespread use of optoelectronic components, TV camera tubes and charge couplers, etc. as the receiver of the microscope, equipped with a microcomputer to form a complete image information acquisition and processing system. With the continuous development of technology and the continuous improvement of equipment, today's metallurgical microscopes have developed further in imaging and light sources than earlier microscopes. Early microscopes mainly focused on the correction of chromatic aberration and partial spherical aberration. According to the degree of correction, there are achromatic and apochromatic objectives. In recent metallurgical microscopes, aberrations such as curvature and distortion of the object field have also been given sufficient attention. After these aberrations are corrected for the objective lens and eyepiece, not only the image is clear, but it can maintain its flatness in a large range, which is especially important for metallographic microphotography. Therefore, plan achromatic objectives, plan apochromatic objectives, and wide-field eyepieces are now widely used. In addition, the earliest metallographic microscopes used general incandescent light bulbs. In order to improve brightness and lighting effects, low-voltage tungsten filament lamps, carbon arc lamps, xenon lamps, halogen lamps, mercury lamps, etc. appeared. Some special performance microscopes require monochromatic light sources. Sodium and thallium lamps can emit monochromatic light. Metallographic microscope can now be widely used in medical and health institutions, laboratories, research institutes, colleges and universities for biology, pathology, bacteriology observation, teaching and research, clinical experiments and routine medical inspection; Analysis and identification. The metallographic microscope is mainly used to identify and analyze the internal structure and structure of metals. It is an important instrument for metallurgical studies of metallography and a key device for the identification of product quality in the industrial sector. Atlas measurement and analysis, image editing, output, storage, management and other functions. Metallographic microscope is still the most commonly used instrument in routine inspection and research work because of its easy operation, large field of view, and relatively low price.
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Evolution and application of metallographic microscope