Application of instrument detection technology in cultural relics research and protection

In the face of ancient ceramics that are difficult to discern, the traditional "ophthalmology" often appears to look away. So, can we introduce more objective scientific and technological detection methods into ancient ceramic identification?

At the interdisciplinary forum on "Application and Development of Digital Technology in the Research and Protection of Ancient Cultural Relics" held recently, Professor Luo Hongjie, President of Shanghai University and Director of the Key Research Base of the National Cultural Relics Bureau of Ancient Ceramics Scientific Research, revealed that he led the team to complete the The formulation of the "Guidelines for the Extraction of Ancient Ceramic Technology Information" has been submitted to the State Administration of Cultural Heritage and is expected to become an industry standard. With this set of standards, the databases of multiple units across the country can be shared to provide a clear digital solution for the source and generation of ceramic cultural relics.

Database information comparison "identified" identity

At the Interdisciplinary Forum, Researcher Chen Kelun, deputy director of the Shanghai Museum, said that the so-called "ophthalmology" is a set of experiences learned by cultural relics experts in long-term practice. The level of a person's ophthalmology is related to experience and accumulation of knowledge, but also to perception. However, experience and comprehension are not absolute, no matter how high the level of expert appraisal is, and there are times when we look away, so the liberal arts community now attaches great importance to the introduction of technological testing methods and instruments, such as electron microscopes, hardness testers, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometers.

Professor Luo Hongjie said that at the Key Scientific Research Base of the National Cultural Relics Bureau of Ancient Ceramics Scientific Research of the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the "Comprehensive Information Database of Ancient Ceramics" has been built, and there are a large number of device structure data in the library. Using these data, the museum can display 3D ancient ceramics and show the internal structure of the objects in front of visitors. The digital information of the device type can not only be used for display, but also used as an auxiliary basis for ancient ceramics to break down.

Chemical composition is also a type of important data in the comprehensive information database of ancient ceramics. Researchers tested the tires and glazes of porcelains of well-known kilns in the past dynasties and collected their chemical composition information. This information is like the "chemical identity card" of various porcelains. For a piece of "unidentified" porcelain, you can first conduct non-destructive testing of its tires and glaze, and then compare the test results with the various "chemical identity cards" in the database. "Comparison, this will help to determine the origin and age of this piece of porcelain. "Of course, chemical composition detection is an auxiliary means for identifying ancient ceramics. We must analyze the comprehensive data of the device structure and combine ophthalmology to make the ancient ceramics more accurate.

High-tech makes ceramic glaze show wonderful structure

How did the high-tech research of ancient ceramics proceed? Yesterday, the reporter walked into the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and interviewed Researcher Li Weidong, deputy director of the National Research Institute of Ancient Ceramics for the research of ancient ceramics.

To the reporter's surprise, the ancient ceramics tested here are not artifacts in complete form, but fragments, and researchers call them "specimens." Li Weidong explained that these specimens were all from the archaeological excavation site, with clear stratigraphic and chronological information and reliable sources. However, the authenticity of private collections or ceramics circulating in the cultural relics market is uncertain, and the information cannot be stored. The information obtained from the test specimens must be entered into the ancient ceramics comprehensive information database, so first of all, we must ensure the authenticity of the data, so that they can be used as a reference for the identification of ancient ceramics.

After getting a specimen, the researcher should weigh, take a picture, measure the size, measure its color with a colorimeter, and use X-ray fluorescence to detect the chemical composition of the tire and the glaze. These steps are non-destructive testing, followed by Perform destructive testing. In the laboratory, the reporter saw that the fragments of ancient ceramics were cut into small specimens 1 cm square, and they were put into various instruments in batches. Under the "field emission scanning electron microscope", the glaze of the ancient ceramics was magnified 50,000 times, so a variety of wonderful microstructures appeared, some structures were like pebbles, and some were blooming in the garden. Flowers. In the ppm level detection of trace elements, the trace elements contained in each specimen will reveal the secret of which kiln mouth it came from.

Li Weidong told reporters that although high-tech inspection can obtain a large amount of identification information of ancient ceramics, many of them are destructive inspections. Therefore, when performing non-destructive identification of complete objects, high-tech is not omnipotent, only combined with ophthalmology, comprehensive judgment, In order to give scientific conclusions.

Today, the ancient ceramic comprehensive information database of the scientific research base has entered more than 15,000 pieces of data with complete information, including more than 6,000 pieces of porcelain specimens and more than 1,500 pieces of pottery specimens of various representative kilns. In China, there is more than one such ancient ceramic database. In order to achieve data sharing, the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences recently completed the final draft of the "Extraction Specifications for Ancient Ceramic Technology Information" on the basis of soliciting opinions from more than 20 units and submitted it to the State Administration of Cultural Heritage. In the future, each database is expected to synthesize a large database and publish it on the Internet, becoming an important tool for industry professionals to study and identify ancient ceramics.

"Through Shadow White Porcelain" craftsmanship lost for thousands of years

During the test and analysis of ancient ceramics, experts from the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences cracked many "mysteries" that have plagued the world of literature and art for many years.

The origin and special craftsmanship of white porcelain is an example. China is the earliest country in the world to fire white porcelain, and the snow-white glaze makes them look different. Compared with celadon and black porcelain, white porcelain appeared later. From 2008 to 2011, experts at the ancient ceramics research base conducted a four-year study on ancient white porcelain. In the birthplace of white porcelain-Baihe Kiln in Gongyi, Henan, they tested the celadon and white porcelain of the kiln and found that the chemical composition of the white porcelain tire and the celadon tire is very close, and the chemical composition of the glaze White porcelain has fewer iron oxide and titanium oxide coloring components than celadon. These findings prove that white porcelain originated from celadon.

After the birth of white porcelain in the Northern Wei Dynasty, it experienced the improvement of raw materials and technological changes, and in the late Tang Dynasty "finished into a large vessel", reaching the whiteness standard of modern high-end daily fine porcelain. In the course of this development, the "translucent white porcelain" unearthed in the gray pits of the Sui dynasty in Xingyao, Hebei, can be described as a sudden rise in peaks, which surprised the experts. As the name implies, these porcelains have translucency, and their carcass thickness is less than 1 mm, which belongs to fine white porcelain. What “secret recipes” are included in such superb craftsmanship?

Researchers at the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences conducted systematic tests on the Sui Dynasty coarse white porcelain, fine white porcelain and translucent white porcelain specimens unearthed in Xing Kiln, and analyzed their chemical composition, physical properties, firing temperature and After the whiteness, the formula of the transparent white porcelain was finally restored. They found that fine white porcelain samples can be divided into two categories. In the first type of fine white porcelain, the alumina content is very high, and the composition of the glaze is in the transitional stage of coarse white porcelain and translucent white porcelain; second The fine white porcelain has basically the characteristics of the raw material of the glaze of the transparent white porcelain, such as the high content of potassium oxide, but because of the thicker carcass, it does not achieve the effect of light transmission. The calculation of the formula shows that the porcelain craftsmen of the Sui Dynasty used the first type of fine white porcelain tire glaze as a raw material, added a large amount of feldspar to the tire, and added a certain proportion of quartz in addition to feldspar in the glaze. As the raw material formula of the second type of fine white porcelain and transparent white porcelain. The characteristics of the raw materials of the translucent white porcelain and the second type of fine white porcelain are similar. The difference is that the pottery of the Sui Dynasty deliberately thinned the carcass of the utensil to achieve the effect of light transmission.

In this way, the opaque white porcelain process, which had been lost as early as the Tang Dynasty, finally showed its true face under the "fire eyes" of modern technology.

"Keyao Workshop" imitates exquisite ancient ceramics

Why did the black glaze pots built by the Emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty form "rabbit glaze" and "oil drip glaze"? Why was the "Lard White" porcelain, which was sold to Europe in the Ming Dynasty in large quantities, why the glaze is warm and fat? With efforts, the secret recipes for firing many famous Chinese porcelains have been cracked.

Taking advantage of these research results, the Ancient Ceramics Research Base also opened the "Keyao Workshop" to fire antique porcelain. "This is a method of experimental archaeology, used to test whether the scientific laws we have discovered are correct." Li Weidong explained.

Entering the Keyao workshop, the reporter saw many exquisite utensils, which were very different from the fragments of debris seen in the testing laboratory. The celadon goblets, fish ear furnaces, and string-shaped bottles that resemble the official kilns of the Southern Song Dynasty are the masterpieces of the kilns. They are elegant in shape, with a quaint blue color. Li Weidong pointed to a porcelain with a large mouth, a narrow neck, and a small bottom, and said that this is a celadon goblet that imitates the Xiguansi official kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty. The goblet is an ancient sacrificial ritual. Now, researchers have been able to imitate its tires, glaze materials and firing process. Of course, experts also told reporters that it is impossible for them to completely restore ancient crafts, for example, the ancients used clay kilns to burn porcelain, but now they use gas stoves. The difference in equipment makes the process necessarily different.

Will antique porcelain "fake the truth"? For the reporter's question, Li Weidong said, "No, because the bottom of each porcelain is marked with 'Keyao' to show its true identity." It is understood that in Keyao Many of the porcelains that were born have been presented as high-end gifts to foreign leaders and distinguished guests. Their advent reflects the level of scientific research on ancient ceramics in China.

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